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Vegetation Applications Application of Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS in Vegatation Studies

 Geologic    Vegetation & Ecology    Urban & Land Use    Regeional Studies    The Water Planet    Geomorphology and Cratering    3D Earth's Surface    Solar System and Planetary Exploration    Astronaut Photography    Earth Systems Science    Astronomy and Cosmology    Landsat Tours the World    Other Applications

Releated Topics
 
Geologic
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Mineral Exploration and Mining
Application Remote Sensing in Geology
Detecting Joints and Lineaments by Remote Sensing
Finding Oil and Gas from Space
Geologic Applications: The Six Fundamental Concepts about the Earth's Geology
Geologic Folds and Intrusions as seen from Space
Geologic Maps and Images of the Waterpocket Fold
Geological Setting at White Mountain, Utah
Maximum Likelihood Classification of the Waterpocket Fold; the Saline Valley; Saudi Arabia
Ratio, PCA, and Maximum Likelihood Analysis of the Utah Site
Recognition of Faults by Remote Sensing
Several Case Studies of Fracture Analysis
Some Specialized Images of the Waterpocket Fold
The Goldfield, Nevada Study, and Other Sites
Using Landsat for Geological Studies
 
Vegetation & Ecology
A Case Study: Monitoring Diseased Pines
A GIS Approach to Preserving a Rare Flower Habitat in Block Island, Rhode Island
Additional Agriculture Examples in the Great Plains, New Mexico, Morocco, Guinea-Bissau; Vegetation in Wetlands
An Integrated GIS/Remote Sensing Case Study in France - Background for this Study of Archaeological Sites in Burgundy
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental Monitoring
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Forestry
Application Remote Sensing for Coastal Management
Application Remote Sensing in Forest
Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Non-Geological Events
Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Oil Spill
Ecological Damage from Natural Events - Geological Evens
Forest Applications of Remote Sensing
The Everglades: America's Most Threatened Ecosystem
The Pennsylvania Power and Light New Plant Siting Problem
The SPOT Satellite: A Case Study in Africa; Further Applications to Vegetation Mapping of Crops and Rangelands
The Vegetation Index; Other Vegetation Scenes
Vegetation Application: General Principles For Recognizing Vegetation
 
Urban & Land Use
Agricultural Remote Sensing Basics
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Homeland Security
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Land Cover and Change Detection
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Land Development
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS to map Cadastre and Land Records
Application Remote Sensing in Agriculture
Application Remote Sensing in Land Use and Land Cover
Archaeological Studies
Buenos Aires, Argentina; Brasilia, Brazil; Paris, France; Munich; Bavaria; Budapest; Hungary; Florence; Italy; Riyahd, Saudi Arabia; Beijing and Shanghai; China, Melbourne, Australia
New York, Miami, Atlanta, New Orleans, Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, St Louis, and Honolulu
Pest Detection in Cropping Systems of Indo Gangetic Plains Through Remote Sensing
Remote Sensing for Agriculture
Remote Sensing techniques for Agriculture survey
Some Basic Principles and Examples of Urban and Land Use Applications
The U.S. Capital: Washington, D.C.; Baltimore, MD; Philadelphia, PA
 
Regeional Studies
Mosaics of Los Angeles, the Mojave Desert, and the Southwest U.S.
MSS Mosaics of the United States; Alaska and Mexico; International Mosaics and large scenes including Afghanistan
Regional Studies: Use of Mosaics
 
The Water Planet
Application Remote Sensing in Hydrology
Application Remote Sensing in Oceans & coastal
Application Remote Sensing in Sea ice
Classes of Metsats
CZCS and SeaWiFS
ERBS; UARS; ADEOS
ESSA, DMSP, SSM/I; TRMM
Geostationary Satellites
Hurricanes & Tornadoes: Hurricane Andrew; 1993 Storm of the Century; Lightning Discharges
Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma Part-1
Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma Part-2
Hydrologic Applications: Monitoring Drought and Snow Cover
International Geostationary Meteorological Satellites
Mapping the Extent of Flooding
Meteorology - Weather And Climate: A Condensed Primer
Metsat Instrumentation; AVHRR
Oceanographic Observations
Sea Ice Monitoring
Seasat, TOPEX-Poseidon, Jason-1, NSCAT, Quicksat, ERS-1, SeaWinds; Aquarius
The Hydrologic Cycle; Meteorological Satellites (General) Part-1
The Hydrologic Cycle; Meteorological Satellites (General) Part-2
The NOAA Series; Other Polar Metsats
TIROS and Nimbus
 
Geomorphology and Cratering
Crater Morphology; Some Characteristic Impact Structures; Impacts as causes of mass extinction of life Part-1
Crater Morphology; Some Characteristic Impact Structures; Impacts as causes of mass extinction of life Part-2
Crater Morphology; Some Characteristic Impact Structures; Impacts as causes of mass extinction of life Part-3
Cratering Mechanics
Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms Part-1
Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms Part-2
Geomorphology from Space
Glacial landforms Part-1
Glacial landforms Part-2
Impact Cratering
Karst/Lacustrine/Aeolian/ Landforms Part-1
Karst/Lacustrine/Aeolian/ Landforms Part-2
Mega-Geomorphology Defined and Geomorphic Maps
Relief Measurements
Remote Sensing of Craters
Ridges as Indicators of Terrane Differences
Shock Metamorphism
Tectonic/Volcanic Lanforms Part-1
Tectonic/Volcanic Lanforms Part-2
Terranes as Terrains: The Klamath Mountains Oregon Study
Terranes in TM Imagery; Ridges and Elevations
The Klamaths from Space
The Manson Impact Crater
 
3D Earth's Surface
Additional Examples of Stereo from Space
Altimetry
Application Remote Sensing in Mapping
Determining Topography from Space - Ways to Characterize the Earth's Surface on Maps
Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and Viewing Modes
Measuring Heights from Individual and Paired Images; Contouring
Radar Stereo; Interferometry
Seeing in 3-D Stereo
Space-based Topographic Operations
The Display of Contours in Maps
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
 
Solar System and Planetary Exploration
Apollo Instrument Experiments
Asteroids and Comets Part-1
Asteroids and Comets Part-2
Comet Shoemaker-Levy
Early spacecraft visits to the Moon
Geology of Mars-The Martian Atmosphere-Ice at the Poles-Stratigraphic Units Maps Part-1
Geology of Mars-The Martian Atmosphere-Ice at the Poles-Stratigraphic Units Maps Part-2
Geology of Mars-The Martian Atmosphere-Ice at the Poles-Stratigraphic Units Maps Part-3
Intoduction to Planetary Bodies-Solar System Parameters-History of Planetary Exploration-Meteorites Part 1
Intoduction to Planetary Bodies-Solar System Parameters-History of Planetary Exploration-Meteorites Part 2
Jupiter's Galilean Satellites: Io and Europa
Jupiter: An Overview
Life on Mars? Part-1
Life on Mars? Part-2
Life on Mars? Part-3
Mars, The Red Planet
Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, Impact Craters, Channels; Exotic Terrains Part-2
Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, Impact Craters, Channels; Exotic Terrains Part-3
Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, Impact Craters, Channels; Exotic Terrains Part-4
Martian Landscapes: Linear Features, Volcanoes, Impact Craters, Channels; Exotic Terrains Part-1
Missions to Mars during the Third Millenium Part-1
Missions to Mars during the Third Millenium Part-2
Missions to Mars during the Third Millenium Part-3
Missions to Mars during the Third Millenium Part-4
Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration Part-1
Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration Part-2
Post-Apollo Lunar Exploration Part-3
Pre-Apollo Exploration of the Moon
Remote Sensing Techniques applied to Planetary bodies
Saturn and its Moons
The Apollo Program - Man on the Moon
The Deep Impact Mission
The Earth as a Planet
The Giant (Outer) Planets; Pioneer and Voyager - Overview of the Outer Planets
The Inner Planets: Mercury and Venus
The Magellan Mission
Unmanned Lunar Landers
Uranus and Neptune, and their Satellites
 
Astronaut Photography
A Gallery of Photos from Space
Apollo Photography
History of Photography during Manned Space Missions
Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Photography
The Space Shuttle Photographic Program
 
Earth Systems Science
AQUA, ENVISAT, and AURA
ASTER, MOPITT, and CERES
Data Handling: EOSDIS
Earth Science Enterprise = Mission to Planet Earth
Earth System Cycles
Earth System Science
EOS Platforms/Sensors and Mission Profiles
Evidence for Global Warming: Degradation of Earth's Atmosphere; Temperature Rise; Glacial Melting and Sealevel Rise; Ocean Acidity; Ozone Holes; Vegetation Response Part-1
Evidence for Global Warming: Degradation of Earth's Atmosphere; Temperature Rise; Glacial Melting and Sealevel Rise; Ocean Acidity; Ozone Holes; Vegetation Response Part-2
Evidence for Global Warming: Degradation of Earth's Atmosphere; Temperature Rise; Glacial Melting and Sealevel Rise; Ocean Acidity; Ozone Holes; Vegetation Response Part-3
Evidence for Global Warming: Degradation of Earth's Atmosphere; Temperature Rise; Glacial Melting and Sealevel Rise; Ocean Acidity; Ozone Holes; Vegetation Response Part-4
Evidence for Global Warming: Degradation of Earth's Atmosphere; Temperature Rise; Glacial Melting and Sealevel Rise; Ocean Acidity; Ozone Holes; Vegetation Response Part-5
National and International ESS Programs
Overview of ESE (MPTE) and EOS - Global Changes
Satellite Formation Flying - NPOESS
Terra is Now Operational: MODIS and MISR
 
Astronomy and Cosmology
A General Overview of the Cosmos - Introduction
Black Holes and Quasars
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-1
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-2
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-3
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-4
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-5
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-6
Evidence for the Big Bang and the Expansion of the Universe Part-7
Evolution
Gamma Ray Bursts and Colliding Stars Part-1
Gamma Ray Bursts and Colliding Stars Part-2
Illustrations Courtesy of Alfred T. Kamajian Part-1
Illustrations Courtesy of Alfred T. Kamajian Part-2
Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range Part-1
Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range Part-2
Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range Part-3
Images of Galaxies and Stars outside the Visible Light Range Part-4
Life in the Universe: I. Background in Biology Part-1
Life in the Universe: I. Background in Biology Part-2
Life in the Universe: I. Background in Biology Part-3
Life in the Universe: II. Origin and History of Life on Earth part-1
Life in the Universe: II. Origin and History of Life on Earth part-2
Life in the Universe: II. Origin and History of Life on Earth part-3
Models for the Origin of Planetary Systems Part-1
Models for the Origin of Planetary Systems Part-2
Models for the Origin of Planetary Systems Part-3
Nature and Origin of Life on Planetary Bodies
Neutron Stars and Pulsars
Novae and Supernovae
Recent Innovations about the Concept of "Universe" Dark Energy and an Accelerating Universe? Part-1
Recent Innovations about the Concept of "Universe" Dark Energy and an Accelerating Universe? Part-2
Some Philosophical Implications concerning the Cause and Purpose of the Universe
Some Special Features of Galaxies
Space-Time and Expansion of the Universe
Spectral Analysis of Star Composition - Element Synthesis in Stars
The Birth, Life and Death of Stars Part-1
The Birth, Life and Death of Stars Part-2
The Birth, Life and Death of Stars Part-3
The Birth, Life and Death of Stars Part-4
The Description, Origin, and Development of the Universe
The Evolutionary Eras after the First Minute
The First Minute of the Big Bang
The Genesis Mission
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
The Nature and Evolution of Galaxies Part-1
The Nature and Evolution of Galaxies Part-2
The Nature and Evolution of Galaxies Part-3
The Subsequent Standard Hot Big Bang Stage - the First Particles
 
Landsat Tours the World
A Tour of the World from Space - General Background
Africa and the Middle East
Alaska and Hawaii; American Pacific Territories
An Excursion across the Continents
Asia
Australia and New Zealand and the Pacific Islands
Denver, Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains
Europe Part-1
Europe Part-2
Geography Quiz Game
New England and The Atlantic States
The Colorado Plateau: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Utah
The Far West: The Pacific Coast; The Sierra Nevada Range; The San Francisco Bay Area, CA; The Cascades; Seattle, WA
The Interior Lowlands: The Great Plains
The Midwest - The Interior Lowlands
The Nevada Basin and Range; The Desert Southwest; Northern Rocky Mountains; The Snake River Plains and Columbia Plateau
The Pennsylvania Fold Belt; The Appalachians
Traverses over the Other Continents - The Caribbean and Central America Part-1
Traverses over the Other Continents - The Caribbean and Central America Part-2
 
Other Applications
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Geospatial Technology
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone Hazard Mitigation
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Law Enforcement — Crime Mapping
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Global Climate Change
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Hazards - Disaster Assessment and Management Landslides
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Pipeline Transmission
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Sports and Tourism
Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Wildlife and Marine Conservation
Application of Remote Sensing for Engineering and Construction
Application Remote Sensing and GIS for Defense and Intelligence Mapping
Application Remote Sensing for Archaeology
 

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A Case Study: Monitoring Diseased Pines - Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - facegis.com

 

A Case Study: Monitoring Diseased Pines


Nearly all the vegetation biomes identified in the global map at the top of page 3-1 are found in North and Central America, as evident in the next illustrative map:

Biome Key.
North American biome map.
Credit: University of Tennessee

Some of these biomes are predominately composed of evergreens. There are two types of evergreens: Evergreen Needle Leaf (pine, spruce, fir, etc.) and Evergreen Broadleaf (laurel, magnolia, etc.). The pines are usually coniferous (cone-bearing) and in North America are widespread. Pine habitats fall into three main groups: Boreal Forests (mainly in Canada); Mountain Forests (further to the south); and Southern Forests (southeastern U.S.). Although examples from all three are included on this page, the concentration will be on Boreal Forests. In Asia, mainly Siberia, these are also called Taiga. These are the second most widespread plant biome type in the world, as indicated in the next map.

Worldwide distribution of Boreal or Taiga Forests.

In western Canada's Boreal Forest the most common type of tree is the Lodgepole Pine. Its distribution is vast and many forests are almost continuous stands of these trees (next figure). They are a main source of lumber (as are the other pines mentioned above) and a very valuable commodity. Threats to their normal existence, such as fires and disease, can have a huge economic impact. On this page, we shall dwell upon just one specific and serious problem - the infestation of the Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) - as a case study showing how remote sensing is helping.

A typical Lodgepole pine forest.

Various species and genera of beetles are known to attack pines and other evergreens. Among common ones known by their non-taxonomic names are the Southern Pine Beetle, the Douglas Fir Beetle, the Spruce Beetle, the Turpentine Beetle, annd the Pinion Ips. Here are five different species in two genera.

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Related Topics

Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Non-Geological Events
Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Non-Geological Events

Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Oil Spill
Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - Ecological Damage from Natural and Manmade Events - Oil Spill

Ecological Damage from Natural Events - Geological Evens
Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - Ecological Damage from Natural Events - Geological Evens

Forest Applications of Remote Sensing
Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - Forest Applications of Remote Sensing

The Everglades: America's Most Threatened Ecosystem
Lecture Note - Completely Remote Sensing tutorial, GPS, and GIS - The Everglades: America's Most Threatened Ecosystem

The Pennsylvania Power and Light New Plant Siting Problem
On this page are shown some of the data elements considered as input, a Landsat-based classification, and a series of thematic maps derived from data files at PP&L, state agencies at Harrisburg, and other sources.

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A Gallery of Photos from Space

We now present a gallery of exemplar photos, taken from representative Shuttle and other space missions. Some computer screens pair these images side-by-side but, small screens may display one above the other. Each one has a brief description.

Let's start with a sequence showing active and recent volcanoes on three continents. In the first pair, on the top is a vertical photo taken during STS-59 that shows a snow-covered island in Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula (far east Siberia) that has a volcanic caldera at each end, both with a central stratocone. Below it is an oblique scene that traces a long plume emanating from the Kliuchevskoi volcano in that peninsula during an active eruption.

Vertical photograph of a snow-covered island in Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, taken during the STS-59 mission.
Color oblique photograph of the Kliuchevskoi volcano in the Kamchatka Peninsula during eruption.

Mount Saint Helens, in southern Washington State, erupted catastrophically in 1980. Astronauts photographed it in 1994, with a Nikon 300 mm lens, during the STS-64 mission, clearly showing the persistent aprons of ash deposits, despite considerable reforestation, lobes of lahars (ash-mud flows), and the great gap where part of the mountain was blown away.

Photograph of Mt. St. Helens, taken during the STS-64 mission in 1994.

It is interesting to place Mt. St. Helens in context with two other great stratovolcanoes in the Cascade Mountains of the western U.S. These two Shuttle views, one an oblique, false-color IR picture (looking northwest) and the second, a near vertical, natural-color shot, show Mount Saint Helens (MSH) to the west and Mounts Rainier and Adams to the east, all snow-capped. Indeed, MSH is the only volcano that is significantly offset from the main line of the Cascadian volcanic activity. Note the clear-cutting patterns in the forested countryside.

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A General Overview of the Cosmos - Introduction

Introduction

Before beginning this Section, we urge you to read through a page called the Preface (once there, hit your BACK button on the browser you use to return to this page). The Preface contains four major topics: 1) the role of remote sensing in astronomy; 2) some suitable references for additional information; and basic principles of 3) Relativity, and 4) Quantum Physics. The Preface contains a list of some very readable books and a number of Internet links to reviews or tutorials on Astronomy/Cosmology. Also, most of the illustrations in this Section were made from images and data acquired by spaceborne Observatories. A brief description of those Observatories is given on this Wikipedia website. Most of the ground-based Observatories are listed in this Caltech site.

As we did in Section 19, we begin with this statement: Astronomy and Cosmology depend almost entirely on remote sensing technology (mainly telescopes with various sensors) to gather the data and mold these into information about every thing in space beyond our Solar System.

Cosmologists - those who study the origin, structure, composition, space-time relations, and evolution of the astronomical Universe (and the possibility of a Cosmos as defined above) - generally agree that the Universe had a finite beginning and that it is expanding at a steady rate so that any two points (e.g., galaxies) move away from each other at speeds proportional to their separation. (The expansion of space has been referred to as the Hubble Flow, to honor Edwin Hubble who first verified the expansion). This beginning is commonly referred to as the Big Bang, which is not an explosion in the sense of, say, the detonation of dynamite but is an "explosion" of space itself as a continuing expansion accompanied at the outset by the creation and release of all energy and matter now occupying the ever growing Universe. (The Big Bang received its descriptive name as a disparaging comment from the astronomer Fred Hoyle, who advocated instead an infinitely large Universe of constant matter density [requiring continuous creation of new particles to maintain the density even as the Universe expanded within its infinite limits] as described in his [now rejected] Steady State model [developed in consort with Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold]. This model also infers its Universe to have always existed [no creation event] and will exist largely unchanged [except for its expansion] forever; variants of this and other models have been put forth, as described on page 20-9).

As of 1990 the time of the Big Bang had been placed between 12 and 16 Ga ago (Ga = 1 billion years [b.y.]) ; the current best estimate (derived from observations made by the Hubble telescope and WMAP [a cosmic background radiation satellite]) lies close to 14 Ga (13.7 Ga is now recognized as the most accurate value [see page 20-9]). This is derived by measuring the time needed for light to have traveled from the observable outer limit of the Universe to Earth in terms of light years *, which can be converted to distances. In a sense, the term "light year" has a dual meaning. Thus, when the value of 2000 light years is stated for a star or galaxy, one could think in terms of distance: the entity is 2 x 103 x (3600 x 24 x 365.4 [the number of seconds in a year] x 2.998.... x 108 m/sec (see first footnote *), approximately 11.8 quintillion kilometers, away from the Earth as the observing platform. Or, one might think in terms of age: relativistically, we see the entity as it was 2000 years ago when the light first left it; cosmically we always look back in time when observing stars and galaxies. Both distance and age are valid connotations.

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A GIS Approach to Preserving a Rare Flower Habitat in Block Island, Rhode Island

This page will try to reconstruct an innovative application of GIS to a very specific topic. The work reported on was part of a Senior-Honors thesis done by Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur at Brown University who graduated with a Sc.B in Environmental Science in 2003 . His thesis title is Using GIS to prioritize Land for Management in the Conservation of a Rare Species: A Landscape-based Metapopulation Method for Northern Blazing Star on Block Island, RI. His goal was to identify areas on the island of optimal suitability for preservation of the wildflower as an aid to decision making by the citizenry and the Nature Conservancy regarding future land development.

Liatris scariosa var. novae-angliae is a beautiful wildflower whose English name is Northern Blazing Star found over much of New England but which is disappearing from Rhode Island. Block Island, RI is still a favored habitat. Two views of this lovely flower are seen below:

A stalk of Liatris scariosa. Individual blooms of Liatris.

The flower favors grasslands and meadows, and at times near swampy growth. Here is a typical habitat on Block Island and a picture showing its occurrence in grassweed growth.

Typical habitat of Liatris in tall grass.
Liatris along a walking path.

The entire state of Rhode Island is shown in this Landsat image. Block Island lies within Long Island Sound about 20 km (12 miles) south of Naragansett Bay.

Rhode Island, with Block Island at the bottom, seen in this Landsat image.

An aerial oblique photo shows the entire island. Beneath that is a map of the island, which is about 11 km (7 miles) long

Aerial view of Block Island.
Map of Block Island.

Block Island is a smaller version of Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts in that it has permanent residents, residents in summer homes, and many tourists. This view shows much of the island (in winter) including the Great Salt Pond with most homes near shore but some inland.

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Data Structure of MapInfo - MapInfo

Data MI Pro dikelola dan disimpan dalam bentuk tabel. Setiap tabel menggambarkan satu jenis data, misalnya data kepadatan penduduk, distribusi customer, kemiringan lereng, penggunaan lahan dll. Secara logika, data MI Pro terdiri dari 2 bagian, yaitu data grafis yang menyimpan objek gambar (area, garis, titik, label dll.) dan data tabular atau atribut (database yang menyimpan nilai dari data grafis tersebut). Namun secara fisik, setiap tabel MI Pro biasanya terdiri dari 4 atau 5 file. Misalnya kita membuat tabel dengan nama Customer, maka MI Pro akan membuat file sebagai berikut.

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